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Choosing File Pack Database causes the dictionary and inverted text files, essential for speedy search and retrieval, to be compacted. During the life cycle of a database, as it s indexed and reindexed, these files can contain entries that are scattered across a hard drive. Packing these files causes entries to be physically ordered on a drive so that successive entries are contiguous. This reduces the amount of time that the drive head must span the drive to retrieve data. In other words, the hardware itself is able to find data more quickly.

This short chapter is the first one about data definition with SQL. It s intended to get you started using SQL for data retrieval as soon as possible. Therefore, this chapter covers only the data definition basics, such as how to create simple tables using standard datatypes. In 7, we will revisit data definition with SQL and explore topics such as indexes, synonyms, and constraints. This chapter is mainly theoretical in nature in that it still offers no hands-on exercises and only a few examples. In the next chapter, you will start writing SQL commands yourself. The first section introduces the concept of database schemas and database users. In an Oracle database, tables always belong to a schema, and, in general, a schema has a database user as its owner. The second section explains how you can create simple tables, and the most common Oracle datatypes are covered in the third section. To illustrate the contents of the first three sections, the fourth section shows the CREATE TABLE commands to create the sample tables used in the examples in this book (introduced in the previous chapter), without bothering about constraints yet. The last section of this chapter covers the Oracle data dictionary. It provides a global overview of the data dictionary, lists some typical examples of data dictionary tables, and shows how to execute some simple queries against some of those data dictionary tables.

Before you can start creating and populating tables with SQL, you need to understand how data stored in an Oracle database is organized internally. In the previous chapter, you learned that you cannot do anything in an Oracle database if you do not identify yourself first by specifying a username and a password. This process identifies you as a certain database user. In an Oracle database there is, in general, a one-to-one relationship between database users and database schemas with the same name. Briefly, these are the differences between a database user and a database schema: A database user has a password and certain database privileges. A database schema is a logical collection of database objects (such as tables, indexes, views, and so on) that is usually owned by the user of the same name.

Zapping a database means erasing all records. It s the equivalent of marking all records for deletion, and then packing both the database itself and its dictionary file. You trigger zapping from the File Zap menu. You re prompted to confirm the operation. Zapping a database cannot be undone. When the zap is complete, the database is an empty shell, leaving only field names and data types. Note that any settings applied to Concordance s security model aren t affected. If no security is applied to a database, the menu item is accessible to all users. Given the potential for catastrophe, users should be blocked from accessing this menu item. You can restrict menu access using the Concordance security model, described later in this chapter in the section Menu Access. Before zapping a database, it s best to make a complete backup of all database files.